Slub yarn process and product



Filed July 29, 1966 N. O. MYERS SLUB YARN PROCESS AND PRODUCT Sheet F lG. 4

:- ss\ as w 7\\/ INVENTOR NEIL o. MYERS ATTORNEY March 18, 1969 N. o.MYERS 3,433,007

SLUB YARN PROCESS AND PRODUCT Filed July 29, 1966 Sheet 2 of 5 FIG. 2

INVENTOR NEIL o. MYERS BY MZM ATTORNEY March 18, 1969 N. o. MYERS3,433,007

SLUB YARN PROCESS AND PRODUCT Filed July 29. 1966 Sheet 5 of 3 INVENTORNEIL O. MYERS BY Nada/rd k/ul;

ATTORNEY United States Patent C) 3,433,007 SLUB YARN PROCESS AND PRODUCTNeil 0. Myers, Waynesboro, Va., assignor to E. I. du Pont de Nemours andCompany, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware Filed July 29,1966, Ser. No. 568,805

US. Cl. 57140 Claims Int. Cl. D02g 3/34 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Aprocess comprising continuously overfeeding a multifilament yarn to anaspirating jet and withdrawing, countercurrent to the aspirating stream,a random slub yarn. The product is characterized with respect to thenumber, size and length of slubs in a given length of yarn.

This invention relates to the fluid treatment of yarn and moreparticularly to jet fluid treatment of yarn, preferably continuousfilament yarn, to produce a slub yarn.

Slub yarns are well known in the art and are characterized by thepresence of stable segments of increased cross-section. Such yarns areof interest because of the aesthetic properties they impart to fabricsprepared from them. Because of the desirability that no patterning occurin the fabric, it is preferred that slub size and frequency be of arandom distribution.

It is an object of this invention to provide an improved process forproducing slub yarns. Another objective is to provide such a process inwhich slubs are mtroduced in a random manner and by means of relativelysimple equipment. A further object is to provide a novel slubbed yarnthat has good weavability. These and other objects and advantages willbe apparent from the following detailed disclosure.

In accordance with this invention, a multifilament yarn is fedcontinuously to the yarn entrance of an aspirating jet device and iswithdrawn continuously from the yarn entrance so that the yarn isoverfed to the yarn entrance, the jet device is supplied withcompressible fluid to form an aspirating fluid stream of suflicientmagnitude to pull the yarn into the jet device under tension and form aloop of yarn in the fiuid stream. In some unknown and surprising manner,a slub is initiated in the yarn within the jet device and subsequententanglement in the high velocity stream results in the removal of aslubbed yarn from the jet. Equally surprising is that the size andfrequency of the slubs is entirely random. It is believed that aturbulent zone Within the jet stream is a desirable feature for slubgrowth and, at least in the preferred embodiments, may be required forslub initiation.

The preferred process disclosed herein produces novel, continuous,multifilament slub yarn characterized by sections of essentially uniformbase yarn and at least about 200 completely random sized and spacedslubs per 1000 yards of yarn; at least about 50% of the slubs having adenier ratio less than 3.0 and at least about 1.1, the remainder havinga denier ratio of at least 3.0 and containing at least 1 yarn loopentangled within the yarn mass; at least 70% of the slubs being 0.1 to1.0 inch in length, the remainder being of greater length and includingat least 1 slub having a length of at least 10 times the average slublength and preferably at least 5.0 inches lon lslost slubs formed inthis fashion are stable to processing tension, but some pull-out canoccur under more strenuous conditions. For this reason, it is desirableto pass the slub yarn through an interlacing jet to increase filamententanglement. Suitable interlacing jets are dis- 3,433,007 Patented Mar.18, 1969 closed in W. W. Bunting, Jr. et al. US. Patent No. 2,985,995,issued May 30, 1961, and jets represented by FIGURES 15, 16 and 17 arepreferred types. Slub consolidation can also be accomplished by using atorque jet of the type disclosed in Breen et al. US. Patent No.2,997,837, issued Aug. 29, 1961.

The invention will be better understood by reference to the drawings. Inthese drawings, wherein specific embodiments for practicing theinvention are illustrated,

FIGURE 1 is a schematic representation of the process and suitableequipment for manufacturing slubbed, continuous filament yarn inaccordance with the invention;

FIGURE 2 is a preferred embodiment of the process and the equipment formanufacturing slub yarn;

FIGURE 3 represents a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a jet devicesuitable for use in the invention;

FIGURE 4 shows an alternative jet device; and

FIGURE 5 is an enlarged partial longitudinal side view representative ofthe slub yarn of the present invention.

Referring now to FIGURE 1, a continuous filament yarn 2 from a suitablesource, e.-g., a spinning cell, contacts guide 4, passes across finishroll 6, where the yarn picks up a small amount of a lubricating finish,contacts guide 8 and passes to feed rolls 10 and 12. Aspirating jet 14,operating with air supplied through fitting 16, draws in the yarn atpoint 25 by virtue of the suction created at entrance port 26. Formationof a slub by filament entanglement occurs within the jet device 14 andwind-up roll '20, driving package 22, causes the slub to be removed fromthe jet 14 at point 27. Preferably the slub yarn is passed through aninterlacing jet 18, located as shown by the dotted lines prior to beingwound on package 22.

For ease of operation, FIGURE 2 represents a preferred arrangement ofessentially the same equipment. Starting the process is faciltiated bysnubbing pin 32 and the continuity of the operation is improved by roll21, which may be driven but is preferably an idler roll. Interlace jet18 is shown between snubbing pin 32 and roll 21 but may, if desired, belocated between roll 21 and the wind-up roll 20, as shown by the dottedlines 23, an arrangement in which the snubbing pin 32 would not berequired.

FIGURE 3 shows an as-pirating jet suitable for use in the process. Air,under pressure, is supplied through fitting 16 to chamber 13 whichcompletely surrounds inlet section 15. The high velocity flow of airthrough channel 30 to outlet section 17 creates a reduced pressure atyarn entrance port 26. Air flowing through inlet section 15 combineswith the air leaving channel 30 to produce a turbulent zone. If desired,air may be introduced into chamber 13 in a tangential manner so as toproduce an air flow with a swirling motion.

FIGURE 4 shows another type of jet device for use in the process. Theair, or other compressible fluid, is supplied through tube 33 mounted inbody 34. Extending from the other side of the body is a slub formationchamber 35, aligned so that air is jetted into the chamber throughentrance 36 and exits from the end. The chamber is of larger diameter toform a turbulent zone. The turbulence can be increased, if desired, byintroducing additional fluid sidewise into the chamber through fitting37 (depicted in dotted lines). Yarn passageway 38 is provided throughthe body perpendicular to the axis of the chamber. Yarn enters opening39 and exits from opening 40 after looping into the chamber throughentrance 36 which is provided with yarn guide 41 to smooth passage ofthe yarn. The operation is similar to that of the previous jet device inthat the yarn is pulled into the slub formation chamber by a stream ofair and then leaves by the same entrance 36 after slubs have formed.

As described above, yarn is fed to the entrance port of the jet deviceat a higher linear speed than it is withdrawn from the jet. Thisdifference in speed, or overfeed, is a significant factor in determiningthe character of the resulting product. As used herein, the percent ofoverfeed is calculated from the formula:

feed speedwindup speed windup speed X 100 Percent overfeed= Slub yarnscan be produced with as little as about 3% overfeed and at least as highas 33% overfeed. It is believed that overfeeds as high as 100% can beused but would probably require some reduction in speed. Overfeed ratesof about 5-20% are preferred because of improved performance and ease ofconversion of the resulting yarn into fabric, The variation in slub sizeand frequency of such yarns gives woven fabrics which have a verypleasing appearance. In general, the higher overfeed levels tend toproduce larger slubs. Neither the feed speed nor the withdrawal speedneed be constant, it being essential only that the yarn be fedcontinuously so that at any given instant the required overfeedconditions be met. In the event that a variable speed is used, it isconvenient to calculate the overfeed by using an average speed.

For many purposes, fabrics woven from slubbed yarns containing apreponderance of large slubs provide a pleasing appearance. Such yarnsare, however, difficult to Weave. Slubbed yarns consisting of smallslubs are woven more easily but provide an uninteresting or speckyappearance. The novel yarns of this invention largely overcome both ofthese deficiencies and can be woven readily into aesthetically pleasingfabrics. These yarns of this invention are characterized by a completelyrandom distribution of a relatively small number of long slubs along ayarn containing a relatively large number of small slubs. The slubs inthe yarns produced in accordance with this invention vary in length fromabout 0.1 inch (0.25 centimeter) up to at least 5 inches, and mayinclude ones about 25 inches (635 centimeters), or more in length. Theyarns contain a large number of slubs, e.g., 200 and more per 1000 yards(914 meters) of yarn, at least about 70 percent of which are 0.1 to 1.0inch (2.54 to 25.4 millimeters) in length. The remaining slubs are ofgreater length with at least one having a length of at least times theaverage slub length and preferably at least about 5.0 inches (12.7centimeters). The slubs contain segments varying in denier from about1.1 up to at least times the denier of the feed yarn. The average denierof the slubs will range from about 2 to about 5 times that of the feedyarn, and at least 50% of the slubs will have a denier less than 3 timesthat of the feed yarn. The slub bulk results from both filamententanglement and yarn entanglement. Apparently a turbulent area in theaspirating jet opens up the yarn bundle, then loops and entangles one ormore filaments, causing that section of the yarn bundle to grow indiameter. Such sections will have a denier from at least about 1.1 andup to about 3.0 tlmes that of the feed yarn. When filament splaying andentanglement involves opposite sections in a yarn loop whichsubsequently becomes doubled back on the feed yarn, the slub will have asegment with a denier at least three times that of the feed yarn.Repeated combinations and variations of these processes results in arandom slub size and distribution.

The section of yarn between the slubs is characterized as beingessentially that of the feed yarn. With low-twist feed yarns, e.g.,O-twist, there may occasionally be portions of rearranged feed yarncontaining a small loop or the like suggestive of a slub initiation sitethat did not produce a slub. Of course, after passing through aninterlace jet, these sections Will have the characteristics ofinterlaced yarns.

While air is the preferred gas to be used in the jets, other gases,e.g., steam, may also be used. Normally the temperature of the airsupplied to the jets Will be at room temperature but it may, if desired,be heated up to 300 C. or higher. Suitable gauge pressure of the airsupplied to the aspirating jet can vary from about 5 to about pounds persquare inch (0.35 to 7.0 kilograms per square centimeter), with 12 to 30p.s.i.g. being preferred. The lower pressures are best suited to yarnsof low to moderate strength.

The aspirating jet device used in the process of this invention may beany of the types previously used for handling running yarns, which arewell known to the art. Aspirating jet devices of the types commonlyreferred to as sucker guns are preferred because of the simplicity ofoperation and construction. In some instances the length of the inletsection can be of critical importance. In a series of experiments rununder conditions similar to those described in Example I, the length ofthe inlet section is varied from 2 to 24 inches (5.1 to 61 centimeters).Optimum results are obtained with an inlet length of about 10 inches(25.4 centimeters) and above. The use of an inlet section with a lengthof 2 inches (5.1 centimeters) results in frequent breaks in the runningyarn. Performance is improved as the length of the inlet is increased,becoming satisfactory at 8 inches (20.3 centimeters) and optimum at 10inches (25.4 centimeters). No further improvement is obtained at lengthsup to 24 inches (61 centimeters). The use of outlet sections of 1 inch(2.5 centimeters) and 5.5 inches (13.8 centimeters) produces the samehigh level of operability; no significant difference is found in thekind or quality of the random slub yarn so produced.

It is to be understood that the yarn entrance portion of the inletsection is where the yarn enters the jet with the air stream and leavescountercurrent to the air stream. If desired, the yarn entrance could bemodified to provide both entrance and exit ports.

Any synthetic or natural fiber yarns can be used in the novel processdescribed previously. Suitable materials include all the fiber-formingpolyamides such as 6 nylon and 6,6 nylon. The polyester yarns are alluseful and include polyesters of terephthalic acid or isophthalic acidand a lower glycol, for example, polyethylene terephthalate, poly(hexahydro-p-xylene terephthalate). Other conventional classes offiber-forming materials include regenerated cellulose, cellulose esters,and the acrylic polymers, as well as the many suitable fiber-formingcopolymers. Preferably, the yarn to be treated is a continuousmultifilament yarn of approximately zero twist. It may be desirable,however, for special effects or specific end uses, to use a pretwistedyarn. A pretwisted or a zero-twist yarn may, if desired, be added as acarrier yarn. Conveniently, the carrier yarn can be introduced at thejet used to consolidate the slubs. The carrier yarn may, however, beintroduced at the jet device, prefer-ably by passing it through the jetdevice counter-current to the air flow. If a twisted carrier yarn isused, it is preferably of sufficiently low twist to aid intermingling ofits filaments with those of the slub yarn. While a carrier yarn may beadded if desired, it is to be noted that this normally will not berequired. Due to the improved weavability of the yarns of thisinvention, it is not necessary to incur the expense and inconvenience ofadding a carrier yarn. A further advantage of not requiring a carrieryarn for economical weaving performance is that the use of a carrieryarn causes considerable loss in contrast between the slu-bs and therest of the yarn; a particularly significant fact in view of the largenumber of small slubs.

These yarns can also include staple yarns such as, for example, apolyacrylic or cotton yarn. Staple yarns appear to slub primarily byknotting in the turbulent air stream. Commonly, a loop of yarn will bedoubled back on the base yarn and anchored by a knotting effect.Consequently, a majority of such slubs will have a thickness of about 3times that of the base yarn although in the knot area this thickness canbe as great as 10 times that of the base thickness. Slubbing such yarnsat 375 yards per minute (343 meters per minute) at overfeed results inthe production of random slubs. Although such slubs are relativelyloosely constructed, even after passage through an interlace jet, theylead to the production of a fabric having a desirable aestheticappearance.

It has been found that slub yarns produced in accordance with thisinvention can be conveniently and efiiciently characterized by weavingthe yarn into a fiveshaft satin construction. In such a construction theslubs are more prominent on one face of the fabric and all of the slubsgreater than 0.1 inch (0.25 centimeter) in a section of fabriccorresponding to 1,000 yards (914 meters) of yarn are characterized.Yarn segments that are at least about 10 percent larger than the feedyarn can be detected by the unaided eye. The length of the slubs and theintervals between them are determined by direct measurement. The deniervalues are obtained by cutting each slub out of the fabric and weighingit, and then calculating the denier from the known length and weight.Since the denier of any given slub cannot be expected to be constantalong its length, the denier value of the slub will be an average deniervalue. The sum of the denier values of all of the slubs in a givenlength of yarn divided by the total number of slubs in that length isthe average slub denier. The denier ratio of a slub is the valueobtained by dividing the denier of the slub by the denier of the feedyarn. These procedures are used for obtaining the appropriateinformation given in the examples which follow.

EXAMPLE I This example illustrates a preferred embodiment for slubbing acellulose acetate yarn in a continuous operation.

Apparatus equivalent to that of FIGURE 2 with a snubbing pin and anidler roll is used to produce a slub yarn from a continuous filamentcellulose acetate yarn. The yarn has 120 filaments and a denier of 450,and as the filaments converge from the spinning chambers they aretreated with a yarn lubricant by passage over a finish roll. The yarnthen passes to a feed roll where it is nipped to prevent yarn slippage.The yarn is fed at a constant speed of 416 yards per minute (380 metersper minute) to the entrance port of an aspirating jet. The aspiratingjet is fabricated from stainless-steel and has an over-all length of15.5 inches (39.2 centimeters). The inside diameter of the inlet tube is0.28 inch (0.72 centimeter) and it has a length of 10 inches (25.4centimeters). The outlet tube has a diameter of 0.36 inch (0.91centimeter) at its upper end, a length of 5.5 inches (13.8 centimeters)and an angle of taper of about 1. The jet is supplied with air at agauge pressure of 20 pounds per square inch (1.4 kilograms per squarecentimeter). The slubbed yarn is removed from the aspirating jet at aspeed of 368 yards per minute (337 meters per minute) and passed throughan interlacing jet supplied with air at a gauge pressure of 20 poundsper square inch (1.4 kilograms per square centimeter), to increase slubtightness and then led to the windup. The overfeed of the yarn, about13%, is formed into slubs in a relatively continuous and random manner.The process runs continuously and readily produces yarn packages of 5pounds (2.26 kilograms) on a regular basis. It is found that the slubsvary from 0.1 to 15 inches (0.25 to 38.1 centimeters) in length, arefrom 1.1 to 6 or more times the denier of the unslubbed section and thatthe distance between slubs varies from 1 to 167 inches (2.54 to 424centimeters). The slubs are well stabilized in the yarn and conversionto fabric with interesting surface effects is readily achieved.

EXAMPLE II This example illustrates the formation of a random slub yarnat a low rate of overfeed.

The apparatus and feed yarn supply are as described in Example I exceptthat the yarn has filaments and a denier of 300. The yarn overfeed is3.7% and the yarn is wound up at a speed of 418 yards per minute (383meters per minute). Air is supplied to the aspirating jet at a gaugepressure of 22 pounds per square inch (1.55 kilograms per squarecentimeter) and to the interlace jet at 20 pounds per square inch (1.41kilograms per square centimeter). Yarn characteristics are given inTable 1.

EXAMPLE III This example illustrates the formation of a random slub yarnat a high rate of overfeed.

The apparatus and feed yarn supply are as described in Example II. Theyarn overfeed is 33.7% and the yarn is wound up at 185 yards per minute(169 meters per minute). The gauge pressure of the air supplied to theaspirating jet and interlace jet is, respectively, 26 pounds per squareinch (1.83 kilograms per square centimeter) and 20 pounds per squareinch 1.41 kilograms per square centimeter). Characteristics of the yarnso obtained are shown in Table 1.

EXAMPLE IV This example illustrates the production of a preferred slubyarn.

The apparatus and feed yarn supply are as described in Example II. Theyarn overfeed is 6.9% and the yarn is wound up at 405 yards per minute(370 meters per minute). The gauge pressure of the air supplied to theaspirating and interlace jets is 18 pounds per square inch (1.27kilograms per square centimeter) and 20 pounds per square inch (1.41kilograms per square centimeter), respectively. Characteristics of thisyarn are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

EXAMPLE V This example illustrates the production of a polyamide slubyarn using high air pressure at the apirating jet.

Apparatus similar to that described in Example II is used. The yarn iswithdrawn from a supply package and the finish roll is not used. Thepolyamide is prepared from bis(p-aminocyclohexyl)methane anddodecanedioic acid. Two polyamide yarns are fed to the aspirating jetand slubbed together. Each yarn has a denier of 65, contains 34filaments and has zero twist. The two yarns are overfed 10.5% and theslub yarn is wound up at 392 yards per minute (360 meters per minute).The aspirating jet is supplied with air at a gauge pressure of 52 poundsper square inch (3.66 kilograms per square centimeter). The interlacejet is operated as described in Example II. Yarn characteristics arereported in Table 1.

EXAMPLE VI This example illustrates the production of yarn by using theinterlace jet in an alternate location.

Apparatus similar to that shown in FIGURE 2 is assembled. No snubbingpin is used and the jet is located as shown by dotted lines at 23 of thefigure. The yarn supply is the same as for Example 11 and is overfed13.6% and is wound up at 378 yards per minute (346 meters per minute).The gauge pressure of the air supplied to the aspirating and interlacingjets is, respectively, 12 pounds per square inch (0.84 kilogram persquare centimeter) and 30 pounds per square inch (2.11 pounds per squarecentimeter). Yarn characteristics are shown in Table 1.

In a similar run using equivalent apparatus with a package spply, adenier, 68-filament, zero-twist polyethylene terephthalate yarn is fedto the aspirating jet to form a random slub yarn. The overfeed is 20%and the slubbed yarn is wound up at 375 yards per minute (343 meters perminute).

TABLE l.YARN CHARACTERISTICS No. is1ubs/1,000 yards (014 meters) Ex. 11,282 Ex. 111, 4,368 Ex. IV, 1,266 Ex. V, 1,000 Ex. VI, 864

Length of shortest slub, inches (centimeters 0.1 (0.25) 0.1 (0.25) 0.1(0.25) 0.1 (0.25) 0.1 (0. 25) Length of longest slub, inches(centimeters c- 5.8 (14.7) 26.4 (67.1) 7.8 (19.8) 8.2 (20.8) 8.1 (20.6)Average slub len h, riches (centimeters) 0.43 (1.00) 0.47 (1.19) 0.45(1.14) 0.37 (0.04) 0.65 (1. G) Shortest interval between slubs, inches(centimeters) 3.0 (7. 62) 0.5 (1.27) 1.0 (2. 54) 2.0 (5. 08) 1.0 (2.54)Longest interval between slubs, inches (centimeters) 504 (1,510) 104(264) 130 (330) 114 (290) 157 (308) Average slub-interval, inches(centimeters) 78.6 (200) 0.5 (24.1) 25.8 (65.5) 33.7 (85. 6) 44.0 (114)Percent of slubs 0.1 to 1.0 inch long 05 97 01 08 S2 Slub denier:

Minimum 330 330 360 247 330 Maximum 1, 140 6, 700 2, 760 1, 170 3, 300Average 600 1, 020 830 470 000 Percent of slubs having a denier ratioless than:

TABLE 2.-DISTRIBUTION OF SLUB LENGTH AND DENIER RATIO FOR 1,000 SLUBS 1NYARN OF EXAMPLE IV Slub length, inches Denier ratio (centimeters)EXAMPLE VII This example illustrates the production of a slub yarnwithout an interlace jet.

Apparatus is set up as in FIGURE 1 without an interlace jet. Yarn is fedby the feed rolls at an ovcrfeed of 8.4% and wound up at 300 yards perminute (274 meters per minute). The gauge pressure of the air suppliedto the aspirating jet is 25 pounds per square inch (1.76 kilograms persquare centimeter). The slub yarn produced appears to have the expectednumber of slubs with the usual random distribution of size andfrequency. However, in attempting to Weave the yarn, weaving tensioncauses about 75% of the slubs to be removed from the yarn.

Since many different embodiments of the invention may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof, it is to be understood thatthe invention is not limited by the specific illustrations.

I claim:

1. In the production of slub yarn with an aspirating jet deviceutilizing a high velocity stream of compressible fluid to provideturbulent flow through a chamber and provide an aspirating stream topull yarn through an entrance into the chamber, the process whichcomprises continuously feeding multifilament yarn to the yarn entranceof the jet device, continuously withdrawing the yarn from the jet devicecoutercurrent to the aspirating stream so that the yarn is continuouslyoverfed to the yarn entrance, jetting compressible fluid continuously athigh velocity to maintain the traveling yarn under tension with a loopextending into the chamber, and forming slubs of random size andfrequency along the contiuously traveling yarn by turbulence of thefluid.

2. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein the slub yarn is subsequentlytreated with a slub-consolidation jet to increase filament entanglement.

3. A process as defined in claim 2 wherein a carrier yarn is combinedwith the slub yarn at the slub-consolidation jet.

4. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein the yarn is fed continuouslyto said entrance at speeds 3% to 33% faster than the slubbed yarn iswithdrawn.

5. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein the yarn is fed continuouslyto said entrance at speeds 5% to 20% faster than the slubbed yarn iswithdrawn.

6. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein the compressible fluid is airsupplied to the jet device at 5 to 100 pounds per square inch gagepressure.

7. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein the slubs are formed with asucker gun aspirating jet device having a yarn inlet section of 8 to 24inches in length.

8. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein the yarn fed to the jetdevice is composed of continuous filaments and has approximately zerotwist.

9. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein a carrier yarn is fed throughthe jet device counter-current to the fluid flow to become combined withthe slub yarn, the combined yarns leaving the jet device by said yarnentrance.

10. A continuous, multifilament slub yarn characterized by sections ofessentially uniform base yarn and a total of at least 200 slubs, per1000 yards of yarn, of completely random size and spacing; at least 50%of the slubs having a denier ratio less than 3.0 and at least about 1.1,the remainder having a denier ratio of at least 3.0 and containing atleast one yarn loop entangled within the yarn mass; at least of theslubs being 0.1 to 1.0 inch in length, the remainder being of greaterlength and including at least one slub having a length of at least 10times the average slub length.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,997,837 8/1961 Brecn et a1.57-140 XR 3,094,262 6/1963 Ashby ct a1. 3,122,816 3/1964 Rhoden 28-723,296,785 1/1967 Hardy 57-34 3,302,237 2/1967 Cope et a1 57-34 XR JOHNPETRAKES, Primary Examiner.

US. Cl. X.R.

